Auditory Localization Essay -- Hearing Sound Perception Essays

Auditory Localization Auditory localization is the ability to recognize the location from which a sound is emanating (Goldstine, 2002). There are many practical reasons for studying auditory localization. For example, previous research states that visual cues are necessary in locating a particular sound (Culling, 2000). However, blind people do not have the luxury of sight to help them locate a sound. Therefore, the ability to locate sound based only on auditory ability is important. It is also important to study different auditory processes. For example, when studying a way for a blind person to maneuver through an environment, it is helpful to know that people can most accurately locate sounds that happen directly in front of them; sounds that are far off, to the side, or behind the head are the least likely to be properly located (Goldstein, 2002). Three coordinate systems are utilized when attempting to locate a specific sound. The azimuth coordinate determines if a sound is located to the left or the right of a listener. The elevation coordinate differentiates between sounds that are up or down relative to the listener. Finally, the distance coordinate determines how far away a sound is from the receiver (Goldstine, 2002). Different aspects of the coordinate systems are also essential to sound localization. For example, when identifying the azimuth in a sound, three acoustic cues are used: spectral cues, interaural time differences (ITD), and interaural level differences (ILD) (Lorenzi, Gatehouse, & Lever, 1999). When dealing with sound localizaton, spectral cues are teh distribution of frequencies reaching teh ear. Brungart and Durlach (1999) (as seen in Shinn-Cunning, Santarelli, & Kopco, 1999) believed that as the ... ...Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26 (6), 760-1769. Goldstein, E. (2002). Sensation and perception (Rev. ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth-Thomsom Learning. Lorenzi, C., Gatehouse, S., & Lever, C. (1999). Sound localization in noise in hearing impaired listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105 (6), 3454-3463. Lorenzi, C., Gatehouse, S., & Lever, C. (1999). Sound localization in noise in normal hearing listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105 (3), 1810-1820. McDonald, J., Teder-Salejarvi, W, & Hillyard, S. (2000). Involuntary orienting to sound improves visual perception. Nature, 407, 906-907. Shinn-Cunningham, B., Santarelli, S., & Kopco, N. (1999). Tori of Confusion: Binaural localization cues for sources within reach of the listener. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 107 (3), 1627-1636.

Police and Law Enforcement Response

Checkpoint: Police and Law Enforcement Response A police officers role in society is to effectively enforce laws, arrest offenders when a crime has been committed, prevent crime to their best ability, preserve the peace whenever possible, and provide services to community citizens in their time of need. Over the past 25-30 years, police departments have proactively been enforcing the Community Policing Theory, developed by Professor Herman Goldstein, on their staff and officers. Community policing promotes relationships between officers and society. In order to prevent crime, officers and communities need to work together to address the problems that encourage or cause criminal activity. In order for this theory to work properly, police officers and the community must understand and respect each other as well as the principles of community policing. The basic principles are: colleagues, partnerships, implementation, and long term. Colleagues refer to effective communication between the community and police; therefore making relationships stronger between them both. Partnerships consist of relationships between the police and different organizations such as: schools, neighborhood groups, families, merchants, etc†¦ Implement is a primary principle that relates to the specific needs of a community and examining different programs that might be effective. The Long term principle refers to police and members of community taking a long-term perspective and approach to improve. Accepting the realization that trust and effective relationships take time and resources to develop and maintain. The community policing theory has become an efficient and helpful tool to police and their communities everywhere. It would be easy to conclude that if we hypothetically lessened police involvement in the community policing theory, the results would be devastating. The members of the community would still be reporting crime; however, there would be less police officer’s to respond and handle it. The crime rates would escalate quickly and chaos would occur in certain parts where police involvement was declined. The system would basically fail, due to taking away a key piece to its foundation. Overall, it takes community members and police together to make the theory work effectively and maintain its balance. Not only is balance crucial between officers and its community; it is crucial for an officer to have balance internally too. There is many restrictions and guidelines placed on an officer when on or off duty. They don’t have the equal amount of freedom a regular citizen is entitled too. These restrictions come from their department, Bill of Rights, and Constitution. It is imperative that the officers follow a strict rule of ethics, while on or off duty to set an example for the rest of community. A tricky restriction is a term called Probable Cause. Probable Cause is defined as the logic, experiences, and circumstances that lead ‘a prudent man' to believe a crime has been committed, or an individual may have been involved in a crime. This term, also known as a citizens fourth amendment, has quite a bit of power behind it. It truly does impact a police officer on a daily basis, by the amount of power to either make or break a case. It directly is linked to how evidence is searched and seized, or how a citizen is searched. Probable cause has the ability for a Judge to find evidence crucial for a conviction, either admissible or inadmissible in a court of law. If a police officer violates the rights or privacy of a citizen, it can have some grave consequences such as: loosing a case, fined, sued, setting a criminal free or legal action brought towards his/her self. So in order to prevent these consequences from occurring, officers should take the proper precautions and remember the guideline; that there must be sufficient or sensible reason to justify the intrusion of a search or seizure. The best way to ensure safety is to not conduct any searches without a warrant, signed by a neutral judge. Even though this is not very realistic or practical; however, the purpose of a warrant is to provide that protective layer between the exuberance of the officers and the privacy of the public. At the end of the day, the court is responsible for reviewing the actions of the police in their everyday life; this is when they balance the interest of law enforcement against the interest of personal liberty. Then they determine whether or not probable cause existed for the search or arrest. In conclusion officer’s can avoid these issues by not falling into corrupted ways. Officers should respect their position and not violate their power; this will build a trusting relationship between the community and them. Another solution to prevent issues from occurring would be for officers to get involved more with their communities. Going to games, meeting people, setting up time for the youth, establishing friendships; would not only build the strength of the officer to the community but prevent crime before it starts. Exploring being a proactive officer, instead of a non-proactive officer is the best way to aid police and their organizations in combating crime.

Report on Surajkund Essay

The Surajkund Crafts Mela is organized each year by the Tourism Department in Haryana in February. This is a very colorful and exotic handicrafts and handloom fair that is planned each year to popularize the traditional handicrafts in India made by the rural folks in Surajkund. This was first organized in the year 1981 and it continues to be a major platform for Indian artisans to showcase the skills in the art work and crafts. This is a weeklong fair, which is celebrated annually. Scores of skilled artisans from all over India come here to participate and promote their crafts. Some of the work that is displayed here is age old and has been passed down since ages. Surajkund mela provides its visitors the skilful and exquisite textiles, paintings, ivory work, wood stock, terracotta, pottery, lac work, grass work and stone work. The visitors can also shop here extensively for some of the world’s treasured wares. This fair is not just limited to artworks and exhibitions but also showcases a visual delight to the visitors in the form of performances from the special Natyashala folk dances and music filled evenings at an open air theatre present in the venue. A diverse range of delicious savories, which is prepared by exponents, is also offered to the visitors. The cuisine is generally rural, which is kept so to match the theme of the festival. Each year the Surajkund crafts festival has a theme, inspired by the artworks from a particular Indian state and the entire ambience of the fair is designed accordingly. Many states showcase their finest handlooms, delicious rural cuisines and handicrafts in this fair. Some of the most deligtful crafts collections of the Mela arrive from practically all over the country. In wood and cane come inlay work, rose wood carving, sandal wood from Punjab and South India. Chiki wood craft of Kashmir and some very fine cane craft come from West Bengal and North Eastern States. Delcate sholapith and shital patti work come from Assam and West Bengal. The phulkari of Punjab, the Banjara and Banni embroidery of Gujarat and Rajasthan, the Kantha traditions from West Bengal and Tripura, lace and crochet from Goa, the Suzni of Kashmir and Mirror encasing work along with the traditional chikan work of Lucknow delight. Oxidized jewellery, sea shell decorations and agate stone work delight as also do delicate gold work and chunky silver jewellery. Toys in wood and cane, ply and mud make the young thrill with joy. Some of the fine phad paintings of Rajasthan, the kalamkari of Andhra and Karnataka, temple paintings of Orissa, madhubani of Bihar, fascinate. In the metal section tribal dhora work, classical south Indian metal work, glittering brass ware, bell metal and iron craft delight collectors. In the field of woven textiles some of the finest silk work of Orissa, Patola, Bandhini of Gujarat and Rajasthan, Ikat, Kanjeevaram, Dharmavaram and temple silks of South India vie for attention with the most simple cottons of West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and tribal textiles of North East India as also do the handloom of Haryana. The Various Crafts participated in the Mela every year. Themes for the fair in some of the fairs were Madhya Pradesh in 2009, Paschim Banga in 2008, Andhra Pradesh in 2001, Maharashtra in 2006 and the state of Chattisgarh in the year 2005. Surajkund is a major place located at a distance or 8 km of South Delhi in the city of Faridabad. This place is very easily accessible by road from Delhi. The Haryana Tourist Bureau arranges special tours from 36 Janpath Road in New Delhi. The nearest airport is located in Delhi. The site where this fair is organized is at a distance of 25 km from Palam Airport. Thus, visiting this fair atleast once is highly recommended as the rich culture and true colours and creativity of our country can be observed giving one of the most beautiful experiences.

Building Owners and Managers Association

Grade A building as standardized by Building Owners and managers Association (BOMA) is addressed to buildings having finishes of top quality standard, exceptional accessibility, state of the art systems as well as concrete presence of market. Grade A building has top-notch features like impressive architectural design, interior decorations and innovative design. Grade A buildings are maintained by trustworthy panies having prestigious area of city and goof reputation. The current report provides a brief for investigating regarding constituents of ‘Grade A specification’ examining issues and evaluating international literature/guidance, local practice, criteria for determining ‘Grade A specification’ class with particular reference to electrical and mechanical provision of services. Case studies are also provided to support arguments and r mendations have been provided in the current report. The aesthetics, age, features and infrastructures usually classify specifications of the buildings. This system of classifying buildings were created for surveyors and agents of real estate for justifying office space price as well as prepare information of market and survey buildings. According to the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), grade A building has finishes of high quality standards, state of the art systems, definitive market presence and top class accessibility. Office spaces that has highest quality standard belong to Grade A office building with updated and advanced features. Grade A office buildings are usually maintained by panies having trustworthy management system and are aesthetically appreciable. Generally, Grade A office buildings have special construction features like raised floors, lifts, suspended ceilings, air conditioning and other state of the art facilities and features. These offices are highly furnished with marbles, tiles, mahogany finishes and glass lobbies. These office buildings depicts symbol of luxury, elegance and sophistication. Another easy way to determine whether a building is of Grade A specification is by the height of building. Usually Grade A buildings have large dimensions, high ceilings and are usually skyscrapers. As per guidelines by British council of offices (BCO), a grade A office should have a workplace density of 8 – 13 m 2 with around 6 m 2 means of escape. Approximately 10 – 12 m 2 of core elements are present in such buildings. On floor services constitutes around 8 – 10 m 2 of area. Floor plate efficiency of low-rise buildings is around 80 – 85 %. For deep plan, window-to-window depth is of 15 – 21 m and window to core is around 6 – 12 m. In case of shallow plans, window-to-window is around 12 – 15 m and window to core is around 6 – 7.5 m. Floor to ceiling height is around 2.6 – 2.75 m with around 2.45 m refurbishment.   The planning grids is around 1.5 m by 1.5 m with a column grid of 7.5 m, 9 m, 12 m and 15 m. Around 10 m 2 of male to female ratio is around 60% by 60% toilet provision. Performance requirements for lift should be about 80% with less than 25 seconds of waiting time and up to 12% handling capacity l ess than 90 seconds of time for destination. Approximately 150 mm overall raised floors with typical floor refurbishment of 100 mm and trading floors of around 300 – 500 mm is required top classify the building as Grade A office (Bco.org.uk 2017). Finished floor to underside of ceiling Less than 90 seconds (Till 15th floors) Table 1: Grade Aoffice specification as per BCO The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) is a professional organization for US and Canada based mercial real estate professionals that provides specification for office. BOMA has defined grade A buildings as the most high quality buildings that are used for peting executive and top class office users with building rents more than average of the area. The buildings have top quality standard finish, systems that are state of the art as well as top notch accessibility, which is extremely efficient as well as presence of a definitive market. Visually attractive facades, attractive finishing. Class A buildings are described as the most premium buildings at best locations Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security. Building is generally situated in CBD and identifiable location with convenient access. Class A buildings use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Top quality management practices are present with enhanced services and security, HVAC, maintenance, quality and environmental management. Class A buildings contain systems meeting industry standards with automated electrical, mechanical, safety and security systems as well as electrical systems. The backup power system is also available in these buildings. Class A buildings hold at least one environmental certification such as BOMA 3 or 4 LEED that is responsible for sustainable practices in place. Call systems that include maximum response time, security, maintenance, tenant coordination and administration as well. Additional services are also present such as fitness centers, conference centers, cafeteria and food courts as well as restaurants, dry cleaning services, ATM and Wi-Fi services. Table 2: Grade Aoffice specification as per BOMA Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft. The vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euros per sq. ft., market performance is quite good in Dublin. The stock under construction is around 3099789 sq. ft. Currently Grade A buildings that are pleted and available in Dublin is around 80000 sq. feet with nothing larger than 60000 sq. ft in the city centre. 3.7% of the vacant stock is only available through lease currently. Specifications of the building is governed by BREEAM standard with building life of 15 years for air handling units, 20 years for chillers, 20 years for boilers, 20 years for pump sets, 15 years for pressurization units. 20 years for humidifiers, 20 years for control panels, 15 years for luminaries, 15 years for chilled beam units and lifts for 20 years are also governed. Office depths for ground to fourth floor is around 13.85m and fifth to sixth floor is around 12.4m. The 4th to 6th floor should have a clear floor to ceiling cover of 2900-millimeter cover. Import floor loadings should be around 2.5 kilo Newton per meter square. Raised floor building service suspended ceiling loading should be around 0.85-kilo Newton per meter square glazing in doors and windows should be double glazed sealed clear glass. U value should be as per building regulations. The basis of a small overloading will be around 25 Watt per meter square. The basis of gain of heat for lighting will be a maximum of 12 watt per meter square. Electrical Engineering Services will also be a basis for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of 10 watt per meter square, general lighting of 1 watt per meter square. Small power for mechanical services engineering should be in watt per meter square and mechanical services for general should be around 60 watt per meter square. The lifts should be consuming 5 watt per meter square in a little space of 151 per meter square. Fire alarm system should be design as per BS standard 589 types 2.9 with open call analogue system that is addressed. It should be manageable form a ground floor central control panel through interface. The security system should be accessed via proximity sensor card that covers main entrances and floors of property owner areas. Intruder alarm is present in each floor and a vi deo inte system on maintaining a munication between grounds for reception individual. Lighting levels in the plant should be around 200 lux and lighting to the office area should be around 350 lux. Maintained in average with the open plan the overall uniformity ratio of around 0.8 at the defined task area or at desk height should be incorporated. Simple systems of automated lighting should be provided in accordance with BREEM, ADL and CRCEES (Jll.ie 2017). Mechanical services provided consists of the imposed floor loadings should be approximately of 2.5 kN/m 2 , demountable partitions supernumerary to the above loadings are 1 kN/m 2 .   The raised floors, services of buildings with suspended ceiling loads are around 0.85 kN/m 2 .   The curtain wall system consists of opaque as well as clear glazing to the main entrances as well as feature stairs. The flat rain screens panels of rear of the stair cores and main cores are included as well as perforated metal screenings are louvers towards the plant roof. The aluminum window systems need to be coated with thermally broken frames of polyester power coating. The total insulation U value is according to the current regulations of building. Glazing is of double glazed type and lifts provided consists of 2 x 12 person lifts that serves basement to sixth floor and ground to sixth floor. The stainless steel coverings of the door consist of 900 mm wide openings framing system. There needs to be a 100mm overall raised system of flooring of medium grade for providing nominal zone of approximately 70mm clear void through use of 600 x 600 mm encapsulated panel with system of adjustable steel pedestal. The ceiling metal tile system needs to be around 150 and 330 micro perforated. External conditions of the dry bulb summer to be around 29 0 C, wet bulb summer to be around 19 0 C, dry bulb winter to be around -4 0 C and wet bulb winter to be around -5 0 C. The heating systems needs to be conditioned according to constant active multi service chilled beams volume that is suspended directly to the soffit for giving clear minimum ceiling height of 2650 mm AFFL cooling and heating demand through air sensors that is located at occupied space. The three-park place of Dublin Ireland is a Grade A building used for office purpose. The building is ideal as office location as it helps in maintaining a proper work life balance. The concert venues, galleries, museums, colleges, universities and museums are in close proximity of the building. It has a substructure specification that includes ground floor slab of 320-millimeter thickness reinforced concrete floor slabs. The structural flat slab in situ concrete thickness is 324 mm. External walls have a high quality double glazed proprietary system of curtain walling having a silicone external frameless joint as well as pacified glass insulated spandrel panels for elevations to hatch street. Three-park place in Dublin has met the specifications and criteria of being a Grade A office building as it has highly efficient as well as flexible floor plates. The reception is impressive and has double height. It is targeted by LEED platinum and the reception, toilet, shower facilities and lobby is finished as per highest corporate standard. The building has excellent shower and bike facilities, natural lighting for floor, standby generators, efficient LED PIR lighting, raised access floors, 4 pipe air conditioning systems with blank thermal storage bank is present with a total occupancy density of 1.7 m 2 . There are six high-speed 17 passenger lifts with efficient rainwater harvesting system. The raised access floor has a void of around 200mm. The total suspended ceiling has a void of 400 mm. The total floor to ceiling height is around 2.83 m.   Ã‚   It can be concluded that Grade A office buildings maintain quality standards of buildings that provides the user with fort as well as energy efficiency. Further it is also seen that Grade A office buildings have excellent mechanical as well as electrical properties. Advanced designing methods with updated and current standards, very well maintained with updated security is used in grade A office buildings. Class A buildings also use classic design methods especially with concrete and steel structure. Superior interior quality as well as exterior quality finishes is used for curtain walls including elevators and washrooms. Office market performance in Dublin Ireland is approximately 2866787 sq. ft with a vacancy rate being 7.8% and a prime rent of 55-60 Euro per sq. ft, grade A office buildings have a strong hold in Dublin, Ireland. Electrical Engineering Services is based for the design of the following elements with office mechanical lighting of around 10 watt per meter square and g eneral lighting of 1 watt per meter square. It is r mended that Grade A office buildings should ply with BREEM standards and energy efficiency. Further, the electrical equipments should also be ensured to be energy efficient. The office buildings should also incorporate renewal of office wastes and keep recycling process available. Sustainability within the building should be maintained suing lean approach and further improvements of the building should also be incorporated such as introduction of cloud based IOT within different building ponents like video inte and CCTV cameras. Bco.org.uk, 2017, British Council of Offices [online], Available at: https://www.bco.org.uk/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017] Jll.ie, 2017, 2016 Dublin Office Market Outlook [online], Available at: https://www.jll.ie/ireland/en-ie/Research/JLL%20Dublin%20Office%20Market%20Review%20and%20Outlook%202016.pdf?fb56ea68-273e-43f7-b8b1-62d6178406c1 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]

McClellands Learned Needs Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

McClellands Learned Needs Theory - Assignment Example The individuals, who are achievement based, avoid both high and low risks and avoid norms for the fear of rejection at their workplace (Daft & Lane, 2008). Besides the need for the achievement, other people have a need for affiliation. This kind of people prefers to create and maintain social relationships and enjoys being a part of a particular group. They adhere to the norms in that culture, and they do not change them for the fear of rejection in their workplace. In addition, they prefer collaboration to competition and dislike high uncertainties and risks situations. This group of people works best in social areas like client interaction services and customer service. The other group of people has a need for power. In this class of person, they work to their best when they are in charge. They do well in competition hence doing well in goal orient (Daft & Lane, 2008). Employees are the most valuable resources in a company and therefore motivation is essential. Every bright idea, act of selfishness’ for the betterment of the organization, plan on money saving should be rewarded through online point system. An employee motivation increases their morale and reduces the turnover rates. To enhance employees’ motivation the management should break the monotonous of duty to reduce boredom and assign employees to challenging jobs. Secondly, in applying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, managers do have a responsibility they meet the deficiency needs of the workers. Proper working environment should be created to develop full potential. In addition, the theory of needs requires workers to be assured of job security that lumps employees

Manchesters Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership Essay

Manchesters Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership - Essay Example The objective of this paper is to assess the Manchester's CDRP 2005-2008 Strategy through mapping its objectives and current outcomes. This will require the study of the program's rationale, objectives, methods and results. In the course of this study, the research will be able to develop insights regarding the prevalence of crime in the area, its impact to the community and determine future needs regarding the issue. At the end of this assessment, the research will demonstrate understanding and knowledge of criminality in Manchester, provide analysis of the Manchester's 2005-2008 CDRP Strategy and evaluate the significance of "culture of control" to crime and related activities in the area. The significance of the role of society in criminal control has grown in significance in criminal justice systems due to its inclusion in the prevailing management programs for the concern. This view is supported by Garland (2001, pp. 44-48) in his emphasis of the correlation of social order and crime in contemporary societies. He sees in particular the growing directness of the relationship between control and crime which he characterizes as a "culture of control". ... Albert Bandura's (1975, pp. 57-59; 111-117) studies, considered as foundations of modern criminal behaviors studies, highlight the importance of the interactions of individuals and their respective environments. The suggestion is that as one's personality develops, his social experience creates the conditions for behavioral tendencies (Weisner et al, 2003, p. 321). As such, the Crime and Disorder Act has emphasized its perspective that the prevalence of crime or any disorderly behaviors can be then considered as a product of the individual personality traits and one's social experience. In the same manner, the Act has also recognized that deterring crime is dependent on the level of reinforcement socially learned behaviors are in an individual. In a study of juvenile crime behavior, researchers suggested that the focus on control rather than prevention deters the effectiveness of programs directed towards crime (Tarolla et al, 2002, pp. 17-18). Efforts are limited as management measures, reactive rather than responsive to crime issues. This leaves the issue of prevention at a disadvantage, a state which does not deter the impact of crime to society and contributes little to actual reduction of crime (Weisner et al, 2003, pp. 322-323). Management of interventions is then developed from the identification and matching of competencies of the offices involved in the program. Governance is done collectively subscribing to the requirements of Crime &Disorder Act provisions but also in recognition of the need to develop collective insights to crime issues and trends. To be able to create develop insights to crime control strategies there is a need to consider the

Visual Analysis Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Analysis Project - Research Paper Example The Caribbean Chili advert features the image of a glossy man pensively seated in a relaxed posture. The text of the ad says â€Å"Alluring, Let the alluring charm of CARIBEAN CHILL take you on a cruise to the islands†. This is followed by ‘KOOL SMOOTH FUSIONS from the House of Menthol†, and appears to be targeting young smokers who want to appear ‘cool’. The image of the pensive man is intertwined in a vast network of lines, depicting the smooth appeal of the product. The background behind the man is a shadow of trees depicting beautiful sceneries common in the Caribbean island, especially at dusk or early mornings. It is the image of delightful twilight sceneries. The advert targets young consumers, and specifically men. A picture of cigarette packet is visibly shown with the words ‘CARIBBEAN CHILL’ plainly written across it in bold. The use of the words ‘Available for a limited time only’ under the cigarette packet clearly communicates the message to the audience. This appears to be a marketing offer. At the bottom a Surgeon General’s warning is clearly printed â€Å"Cigarette Smoke Contains Carbon Monoxide†. ... From the picture, it appears that the Kool smokers are out for a good time with the girls. Further, it appear young male Kool smokers are irresistible. The name of the product is clearly printed on the packets. However, the words on the bottom of the ad are not clear. It could either be a warning for smokers and or information about the advertiser. A critical analysis of the Caribbean Chili ad suggests that the author was trying to promote the product. The use of the words ‘Available for a limited time only’ in the ad communicates an important message to the audience. It informs viewers that the advertisement is a promotion or offer with limited time. The product being promoted and the advertiser are clearly shown. The ad clearly highlights the need for tobacco control policies as illustrated in the Surgeon General’s warning. A critical analysis suggests that the author exemplifies the promotional allowance type of tobacco advertising and promotion. This appears t o target both retail and wholesale promotional allowances. Although packaging is an important method for branding and maintaining product appeal, the visibility of the package shows that the author was keen to advertising on the package. The ad is particularly appealing to the youth segment as reflected in the unique packaging. This is especially important given that cigarette packages are not discarded after a single use rather; they are opened each time a cigarette is removed from the packet. Further analysis of the ad shows that the author was trying to send a message beyond the promotion of the Caribbean Chili. The artist demonstrates the beauty of the Caribbean island is illustrated in the background. The beautiful scene of the island is shown in a twilight giving the ad